اكزيما حلمة الثدي او مرض باجيت

Paget's disease of the breast

Paget’s disease of the breast is an eczema-like change in the skin of the nipple, and 9 out of 10 women who have this have an underlying breast cancer. The underlying breast cancer may be an invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). In DCIS, the cancer cells are completely contained within the milk ducts.
Around half of the women who have Paget’s disease will have a breast lump that can be felt at the time it is diagnosed.
Paget’s disease occurs in about 1–2 out of every 100 women with breast cancer. It usually occurs in women in their 50s, but can occur at an earlier or later age. It can affect men but this is extremely rare. It usually first appears as a scaly, red rash affecting the nipple and sometimes the dark area of skin surrounding the nipple (the areola). The rash always affects the nipple first, and may then affect the areola. It does not go away and may become sore. The area may bleed slightly.

Causes of Paget's disease
The cause of Paget's disease is unknown, but certain women seem to be at a higher risk of developing breast cancer. This includes women who have never had children, or had them late in life, women who started their periods at a young age or who had a late menopause, and women who have a strong family history of breast cancer.

Signs and symptoms
The first symptom is usually an eczema-like rash, as described earlier. The skin of the nipple and areola may be red and inflamed. There may also be crusting, bleeding and ulceration. Some women have an itching or burning sensation. Fluid (discharge) may leak from the abnormal area of cells. The nipple may turn inwards (be inverted). There may or may not be a lump in the breast.

How it is diagnosed
Paget’s disease can be confused with other skin conditions such as eczema, dermatitis or psoriasis, as they can look very similar. This can make Paget’s disease difficult to diagnose.
Paget’s disease usually first affects the nipple, and then the surrounding tissue. Other skin conditions usually affect the areola (the dark area of skin around the nipple) first, and then spread into the nipple.
Several tests may be carried out to diagnose Paget’s disease of the breast. They may include the following:
Mammogram (breast x-ray) Mammograms may be used to look for changes in the affected breast, and to check the other breast.
Ultrasound scan A gel is spread on the breast and a small device, which emits sound waves, is rubbed over the area. The echoes are converted into a picture of the breast tissue by a computer. This test is painless and takes just a few minutes.
Biopsy This is the main test for cancer cells below the skin surface. A small sample of skin and underlying breast tissue is taken and sent to the laboratory to be examined under a microscope. A local anaesthetic is usually given before before the biopsy is carried out, to numb the area. The biopsy may be taken at the same time as an ultrasound, to ensure that it is taken from the abnormal area.
Imprint or scrape cytology Cells from the affected area can be scraped, or pressed, onto a glass slide to be examined under a microscope.

Treatment
The treatment of Paget's disease of the breast will depend on:
whether or not there is an underlying breast cancer
whether it is DCIS or an invasive tumour
how much of the breast is affected.
Surgery
Surgery is the main treatment for Paget’s disease. Removal of the breast (mastectomy) may be recommended, especially if the cancer is affecting a wide area (is extensive), is close to the nipple, or if there is DCIS in a number of areas in the breast (multi-focal). Some of the lymph nodes in the under-arm area may also be removed. If you have a mastectomy, it may be possible to have a breast reconstruction operation, either at the same time, or as a second operation some months later.
Surgery aimed at removing as little of the breast tissue as possible (breast-conserving therapy) may be possible if the cancer, or DCIS, is found to be close to the nipple and only affecting a small area of underlying tissue. This involves the removal of the nipple, areola, and an area of underlying normal tissue around it.
For some people, no further treatment will be needed after surgery. Others may need to have radiotherapy, hormonal therapy or chemotherapy. These may be used separately or together.
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy treats cancer by using high-energy x-rays that destroy the cancer cells, while doing as little harm as possible to the healthy cells. Radiotherapy to the remaining breast tissue is usually recommended after breast-conserving surgery.
Hormonal therapy
Hormonal therapies are commonly used for treating breast cancer. They reduce the production of hormones within the body, or prevent the hormones from stimulating the cancer cells to grow. Hormonal therapy is mainly used if the cancer is invasive, but may also be given to women who have DCIS. Tamoxifen and anastrozole (Arimidex®) are two commonly used hormonal treatments.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is the use of anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. It is not used to treat an underlying DCIS, but may be given if the cancer is invasive.

في الاخير نختم بالتدكير انه امام اعراض اكزيما حلمة الثديين يجب عدم نسيان مرض باجيت و هو نوع من امراض سرطان الثدي وطلب الاشعة و الفحوصات اللتي تمكن من تشخيص هدا المرض الخطيرلعلاجه في الوقت المناسب